By Hiroyuki Arie, General Manager, Business Stream Systems at TÜV Rheinland Japan
What is “Safety First”?
We often hear the phrase “Safety First (Anzen Dai-ichi)” in Japan. Many Japanese people may believe that this is a concept conceived in Japan, as a slogan used for example at construction sites. But it was actually first coined in the early 1900s by U.S. Steel, born out of the concept of “safety first, quality second, and production third.”
When introduced as company policy by Elbert Henry Gary, then President of U.S. Steel, work-related accidents were immediately reduced. Quality and productivity also improved at the same time, leading to great success as the company grew on the wave of a rising economy. In time, this safety first slogan spread across the U.S., and throughout the world.
Adoption of Industrial Safety and Health Act and OSHMS in Japan
In 1972, the Industrial Safety and Health Act had already been enacted in Japan, establishing criteria for danger prevention to prevent work-related accidents. It served to clarify responsibilities in the event of an accident and asked organizations to voluntarily promote measures to prevent accidents.
But by 1998, the number of annual fatalities from work-related accidents was in excess of 2,000. As a means of achieving a target of reducing fatal accidents to less than 2,000 per year, the government adopted the British national standard BS8800 Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) on a trial basis. This was because the incidence of work-related incidents in the U.K. and the Severity Rate were considerably lower at the time.
These standards were implemented on a test basis in certain national general contractors. As a result, the Rate of Frequency over one year was reduced from 1.2 to 0.3. Based on these results, the Ministry of Labor, now called the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW), issued the “Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems (OSHMS)” in April 1999.
The U.K.’s BS8800 was issued as the international standard OHSAS 18001 (Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems – Specifications) by an international consortium in April 1999. The official version of this is currently the revised OHSAS 18001:2007.
Reduction of Work-Related Accidents Through the Adoption of Management Systems
With the introduction of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, the number of deaths from work-related accidents in Japan fell to 1,514 in 2005. In addition, there was a strengthening of risk assessments with the revision of the “Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems” in 2006. The implementation of risk assessments is a requirement of OHSAS 18001, and national agencies such as the MLHW and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) have recommended that organizations implement OHSAS 18001.
More specifically, looking at data for 2005, a significant difference can continue to be seen in the incidence of fatal accidents in Japan and the U.K. This is believed to be the result of the semi-compulsory application of BS8800 (the forerunner of OHSAS 18001) at the time of the Thatcher administration in the United Kingdom.
The report Trends in the Incidence of Occupational Accidents issued by the MHLW provides specific numbers of incidents of work-related accidents and serious accidents in Japan. According to this report, although the number of reported casualties and fatalities from work-related accidents in all of Japan has continued to trend downward from the enactment of the Industrial Safety and Health Act until now, the incidence of serious accidents is showing a significant increasing trend.
Issue and Overview of ISO 45001
Until now, the international standard for occupational health and safety has been OHSAS 18001, but ISO 45001 is currently being developed, and Committee Proposals have already been issued. A draft international standard is scheduled to be released in early 2016, with the final draft international standard to be released in July, and the formal issue of ISO 45001:2016 is planned for the end of this year.
OHSAS 18001 will remain in effect for some time following the issue of this standard, but it is expected that there will be a steady move over to ISO 45001 in the future.
Impact of Introduction of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS)
The purpose of introducing occupational health and safety management is to prevent work-related accidents. Further, if managed well, significant improvements can also be expected in the areas of management and costs.
- Significant costs arising from serious accidents can be reduced (in recent times, the cost of a single fatal accident, including court costs and civil compensation, is about 300 million yen)
- In the event of a serious accident, the Labor Standards Inspection Office will issue a “complete or partial stop of work (Article 98 of the Act)”. Such administrative action risks the suspension of business and operating losses. These risks can be reduced.
- The introduction of OHSMS is not simply to ensure workplace safety, but is also expected to lead to the secondary benefits of improved quality and productivity (reduced costs) due to the continuous improvement of safety levels.
The government is currently in the midst of implementing the 12th Occupational Accident Prevention Plan for 2013-2018. This is the pillar of the nation’s safety policy, and incorporates the introduction of OHSMS.
This policy includes stricter penalties for management with regard to serious accidents. Management may be held liable by the courts in the event of a serious accident, for breach of their duty to ensure safety considerations.
The introduction of management systems can also be said to be effective in reducing these kinds of risks.